MESTIZA

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Mestizo (Spanish for "mixed person"), is an ethnic category primarily used in the Hispanic world, or any regions inheriting cultural influence from colonial Spain, to denote the people whose racial or cultural identity derive mostly from the miscegenation between Spanish and Native descent. The term has historically been associated with Latin America, but it can also refer to other mixed-race peoples of partial Spanish descent that emerged during the Spanish era, such as Filipino Mestizos. In some regions of the Spanish-speaking Americas, it may broadly refer to anyone who belongs to the culturally Hispanic majority, regardless of racial admixture or appearance. The term originated as a socio-ethnic category for the mixed-race castas that evolved in the colonies of the Spanish Empire. It was a formal label for individuals in official documents, such as censuses, parish registers, Inquisition trials, and others. Priests and royal officials might have classified persons as mestizos, but individuals also used the term in self-identification. With the Bourbon reforms and the independence of the Americas, the caste system disappeared and terms like "mestizo" fell in popularity. The noun mestizaje, derived from the adjective mestizo, is a term for racial mixing that did not come into usage until the 20th century; it was not a colonial-era term. In the modern era, mestizaje is used by scholars such as Gloria Anzaldúa as a synonym for miscegenation, with positive connotations. In the modern era, particularly in Latin America, mestizo has become more of a cultural term, with the term indio ('Indian') being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate Indigenous ethnic and cultural identity, language, tribal affiliation, community engagement, etc.